PHANTOMS OF THE MIND

PHANTOMS OF THE MIND

HELIODORO GUERRA

e-Book

Maverick Publishing

HOUSTON, TEXAS

PHANTOMS OF THE MIND

HELIODORO GUERRA

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this book is to give the reader an opportunity to imagine the world as it would appear from the vantage point of nature, rather than from our own human consciousness, and to show all the misconceptions that can be created from an egocentric illusion.

Every living creature perceives the world from a vantage point that appears to be surrounded by the universe. I t appears to each of us that we are living in the center of creation. Consequently, every living creature experiences itself as a cosmic center. Such egocentric illusion, if not corrected, can cause people to believe to be the most important part of creation. They will then claim to be superior, and to have a special mission in the world, when in reality, the laws of nature make no distinction between conscious and unconscious objects.

During the process of visual perception, the objects that we see reflect electromagnetic waves to which the eyes respond by creating nerve impulses that are sent to the brain where they are transformed into sensations of light. The image of an object then has to undergo several changes before it is perceived. Thus, we never see the real objects of the outer world.

The image in the brain is made of light. However, there is a difference between objects, electromagnetic waves, nerve impulses, and light. Four different things cannot be simultaneously one and the same. Therefore, the human brain does not perceive the true nature of reality. The light that we see is a creation of the mind and not a part of the outer world. Light has no physical reality. Since all our senses transmit nerve impulses to the brain as a reaction to the energy in the environment, all our perceptions are indirect representations of the outer world. Our mind creates light, sound, smell, taste, cold, heat, and even pain.

The human mind, or psyche, creates an image of the outer world from the information provided by the senses, which then interprets as reality. But how can you prove that what you see is real? Scientific experiments are observed through the same system of perception that creates our image of the world. It is obvious that they seem to prove what we perceive, even if the fundamental reality is different.

The greatest scientific, philosophical, or religious minds perceived the world through the same system of perception that every human being has, and conceived the nature of reality with the same type of human mind, and then formed their own ideas and personal opinions. So that how can you prove if their concepts were correct, or if they were only the products of delusion? It is obvious that in a universe with inherent laws, some things are possible and some are not. You cannot make nature behave at your own convenience. Egocentric ideas cannot alter the nature of the world.

Every branch of knowledge consists of a discipline of established thoughts in which people are educated. But the human system of perception remains the same whether you are a scientist, theologian, or philosopher, unless your senses are defective or your mind is disturbed.

Our mind creates sensations and concepts to represent reality, but we never see the real world. Our concepts do not represent the true nature of reality. The true appearance of the outer world does not exist, since appearance is a concept created by perception, which exists only in the mind.

There are some fundamental truths, such as the formation of ideas and the power to reason. We know that we exist because we think. Our existence then is not a mere illusion. Nothing can begin to exist if it is not through something that exists already. There is no independent and self-sustained existence, but only an infinite number of interactions between an infinite number of objects in the universe and beyond.

The concepts created in our mind are therefore a reaction to an outer world that really exists, independent from thought, even if its true characteristics are not faithfully represented in our perception. There is no further proof required for the arguments presented in this book, since they are self-evident, and self-explanatory. When facts are evident, they speak for themselves and are not merely the concepts of an argument. Evident facts do not require emotion for their existence, so that no human passion can alter their reality.

This book is not intended to teach philosophy, biology, psychology, religion, morality, politics, astronomy, history, grammar, or scientific theories. I have only referred to certain subjects as a way to present or support my arguments. The extreme misconception of reality that is created by the egocentric and anthropocentric illusions is the reason that leads to religious and political fanaticism, anthropomorphism, self-righteousness, and perversion. There are no special or superior individuals, groups, or nations from the vantage point of nature.

HELIODORO GUERRA

PHANTOMS OF THE MIND

HELIODORO GUERRA

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 Light and Darkness

CHAPTER 2 A Disturbance in the Air

CHAPTER 3 A Specter in the Mist

CHAPTER 4 A Gift From Heaven

CHAPTER 5 Thermal Energy

CHAPTER 6 The Phantom Limb

CHAPTER 7 The Time Paradox

CHAPTER 8 The Magnifying Power

CHAPTER 9 Gravitational Attraction

CHAPTER 10 The Sphere of Perception

CHAPTER 11 Secrets of the Psychics

CHAPTER 12 The Edge of the Universe

CHAPTER 13 The Mirror Image

CHAPTER 14 The Infinite Void

CHAPTER 15 Cosmic Order

CHAPTER 16 The Psychogenic Sex

CHAPTER 17 The Alter Ego

CHAPTER 18 Egocentric Illusion

CHAPTER 19 The Holy Madness

CHAPTER ONE

LIGHT AND DARKNESS

In the beginning there was only darkness, and time stood still upon the face of emptiness, while an eternal silence filled the depths of an infinite void. Then God created the heavens and the earth, but the earth was a barren world between the shadows of an endless space. “Let there be light,” he said, and the light remained as a component of darkness. When he realized that light was good, he removed the light from the darkness. Light was called the day and darkness was called the night. So that a morning followed by an evening became the first day.

This is the way in which religious mythology describes the beginning of the universe. However, the perception of light, darkness, space, form, and emptiness are images created in the mind, which do not represent the true nature of reality. You cannot rely on sensory information to provide a hypothesis of creation. There is no one in the world that can explain the true nature of light. How can you explain the substance, or material of which an electromagnetic wave is made? Do you know exactly what energy is? Do you believe that light is a stream of particles, a sequence of waves, a ghostly substance, a divine creation, or do you understand that light is only a psychological experience with no physical reality?

We cannot perceive light in its most fundamental constitution. It is impossible to know the appearance of anything that is beyond our normal experience. The nature and shape of infinitesimal particles of matter and energy cannot be observed. A microscope cannot help to define the characteristics of a photon. We can only infer that light is of a certain way as the result of an indirect observation. If white light passes through a prism, the light is spread out into different colors. Thus, we state that white light contains a mixture of light of all colors. If we pass light through two narrow slits, they spread out to produce a series of light and dark bands. So that we infer that light is composed of waves. Every other characteristic of light is known by inference, but its true nature can never be observed.

Light is a type of radiant energy that moves through space in the form of electromagnetic waves at the speed of 186,282.4 miles per second. Visible light is only a small part of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of cosmic rays, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, and radio waves.

Light appears to have a constant speed only in relation to human perception. Since the universe is expanding, there is a certain speed with which the universe expands. The electromagnetic waves that move toward the edge of the universe have the speed of light plus the speed of the expansion, and the ones that move in the opposite direction have the speed of light minus the speed of the expansion. The light that moves parallel to the line of expansion also has a greater speed.

The light that left the most distant quasars about 12 billion years ago began to travel with a speed much greater than the speed that light has today, which is 186,282.4 miles per second. Photons moved at almost an infinite velocity shortly after the Big Bang because of the extreme heat. The speed of light decreased accordingly as the universe began to expand and cool. The amount of decrease depended on the effects of heat, gravity, and intergalactic gas.

Electromagnetic waves consist of electric and magnetic fields vibrating at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. Electromagnetic radiation is the transmission of energy in the form of paired electric and magnetic fields. There is a stream of photons traveling in a straight line at the center of these fields. The amplitude of the waves is the greatest distance that the fields extend away from the ray of photons.

The visible spectrum forms only a small part of the full range of electromagnetic waves. So that light is defined as a sequence of waves made up of electric and magnetic fields with a ray of photons at the center traveling through space in a straight direction. Light does not travel in a straight line over long distances because the force of gravity from the stars and galaxies deflects it.

The frequency of a wave is the number of times that vibrates in one second. The wavelength is the distance between two identical consecutive points, such as two crests. The shorter wavelengths have the highest frequency and the greater energy. The lower the frequency, the lower the energy, and the longer the wavelength. Cosmic rays have the highest frequency and energy with the shorter wavelength, while radio waves have the lowest frequency and energy with the longest wavelength.

Light is produced when the electrons that jump to a higher orbit in an excited atom suddenly return to their normal orbit. Heat, an electric current, or another light can cause the excited state of an atom, which adds energy to the electrons, causing them to jump to the outer orbits. As the electrons return, the extra energy is released in the form of a photon. The amount of energy in a photon is equal to the energy difference between the excited and the normal state of the atom. The same process in which light is produced emits the full range of electromagnetic radiation.

When the atoms in a substance absorb light waves, the electrons move from a lower to a higher orbit. In this process, the energy of a photon is used to move the electron up. Whenever the electrons move between orbits, they can only emit or absorb a certain amount of energy. So that each type of atom can only emit or absorb certain photons. The amount of energy in the light waves determines the color that we see. Thus, the type of atoms in a substance can only produce a specific color.

The wavelengths of light that an object emits depend on the type of atoms of which it is made. Imagine that the structure of an atom is like that of a solar system. The electrons orbit the nucleus just as the planets orbit the sun. However, in the solar system the planets revolve in an apparent fixed plane, while the electrons in an atom change their plane of revolution so fast, that each electron appears to surround the nucleus simultaneously, so that the shape of its orbit is a sphere. Electrons do not revolve at a fixed distance from the nucleus. Their orbits fluctuate between a certain range. Thus, the orbit of every electron is like a spherical layer.

Each type of atom emits and absorbs only a specific amount of energy, which determines the size of the wavelength, or the particular color that we see. Electromagnetic waves consist of streams of energy packets called photons. But they do not contain any real light. What we call the visible spectrum is the range of frequencies that cause our eyes to see. Our sensory organs evolved as a response to the stimulation from the environment. The sense of vision evolved as a reaction to the presence of light waves. Light serves to represent the visual aspect from the surrounding world. If light waves did not exist, the sense of vision could not have evolved. It is very unlikely that sound or scent could have contributed to the evolution of sight in the absence of light.

Light is reflected in all directions from every point in a surface. Whenever we see an object, such as the picture hanging on the wall, or the flowers in a vase, we see the image from the light waves that are reflected toward the place where we stand, but if we move to a different location, such as left or right, or if we move higher or lower, the image will be reflected each time by different light waves. So that even if the object looks the same, the image is reflected by different light waves for every different direction.

The light that is reflected from each point of the objects in the outer world travels in all directions and is reflected again from all objects in the opposite direction. So that light waves are simultaneously moving back and forth in every direction. The reason that we can see clear images through this dense cloud of light waves is because the photoreceptor cells in the retinas of the eyes are sensitive only to the light that moves straight in the direction of the eyes.

Since light is reflected in all directions from every point in a surface, then the objects have no image in themselves. The image is formed when the scattered light that is reflected from the surface of an object is focused on the retinas by the eye lenses and the corneas. The size of the image is reduced so that it will fit in the retinas of the eyes. The image of an object can be amplified or reduced to any extent, depending on the size and magnifying power of the lens. The image of a tree can be reduced to microscopic size with the use of lenses and the image of bacteria can be enlarged to gigantic proportions, such as when it is projected into a large screen.

The human brain contains about one trillion neurons with 1,000 trillion interconnections, and it is millions of times more complex than the most advanced and sophisticated computer. The brain serves to control our heart, breath, organs, muscles, nerves, cells, and every single movement that we make, even the blinking of the eyes and the tears that we shed. But in spite of all its wonder, the brain has no direct contact with reality, since it has to depend on the nerve impulses to create an image of the outer world. Only the nerve impulses make contact with the brain, so that the brain has to create an image of its own to represent reality. Thus, our human vision cannot represent the nature of the objects observed.

When light waves reach the eyes, they do not enter the optic nerves or the brain. They only cause the eyes to react so that nerve impulses are created and sent to the brain along the optic nerves. The reaction of the brain is to create sensations of light. The photoreceptor cells in the retinas of the eyes react only to a specific range of frequencies. The difference in frequencies is what causes the sight of different colors. We are blind to most of the electromagnetic spectrum. Our eyes react only to the wavelengths between 760 nanometers at the red end of the spectrum, to 380 nanometers at the blue end. A nanometer is a millionth of a millimeter.

White light that passes through a glass prism is refracted into a rainbow spectrum. But the colors produced do not have a definite separation. There is a color sequence of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet, in which each color slowly changes into the next. If there is no specific difference between one color and the next, there is no specific difference between one frequency and the next. The time units and the number system are a human creation, so that they do not exist in nature.

The repetitions of natural events do not correspond exactly with the units of time. So that electromagnetic and sound wave frequencies do not always have an exact correspondence with the length of a second. The number of times that a wave vibrates then is not always completed exactly every second. The frequency of a wave does not have to correspond exactly with the length of a second only because the second is a human creation.

If a frequency has 1000 cps, that does not mean that the next frequency ought to be 1001 cps only because humanity created the length of a second and a number system in which second one follows after second zero, and second two follows after second one. Nature does not follow human reasoning or obey human laws. A sound frequency can vibrate 3333.33 times per second, and a light frequency can have 666,666,666,666,666.6 cps, but they are all complete waves.

The light that we see is not a part of the external world. There is no real light in electromagnetic waves. The images that represent the outer world are created and projected by the brain. The image of every object exists only in the brain, while the real objects exist in the outer world, but we see those images as if they were located in the external world. The sense of vision consists of a psychological projection of an image created in the brain over the exact location of the objects observed. In the process of visual perception, the electromagnetic waves that reach the eyes are replaced by nerve impulses, and the nerve impulses are replaced by sensations of light when they reach the brain. Three different things cannot be light. There is no real light moving through space, and no light made up of nerve impulses. Nobody has ever seen an electromagnetic wave. The nature of light is entirely a psychological experience. Anything that has no light has no color. Anything without light is invisible and dark. If light is only a psychological projection from the mind, then the entire universe is invisible and dark.

The image of the world created in the brain is not the same as a photograph, a painting, or a television picture, because such images have a physical existence. An image in the brain does not have a two dimensional, or a three-dimensional location. The brain only contains electrical and chemical activity. There is a nonphysical world with which the brain interacts to produce vision. So that the physical world also contains a non-physical part.

There are no true colors in nature. The colors that we see depend on the length of the light waves that are reflected or absorbed. Electromagnetic waves do not have a color substance. A pigment cannot travel in space at the speed of light. When we see a red apple, the apple looks red because it reflects the type of electromagnetic wave frequency that has the right amount of energy to induce the sensation of red color in the brain. So that when we state that the apple reflects light waves in the red end of the spectrum, and absorbs light waves in all other colors, we are merely describing the effects that the behavior of those waves produce in our perception, but the red apple has no color at all. In the same way, every other color is the product of perception. A blueberry reflects blue and absorbs red, but neither the blueberry, nor the reflected electromagnetic energy has any color.

All objects have primary qualities independent of perception such as size, weight, density, shape, and location, which are relative, not fundamental or absolute measures. Our system of perception adds secondary qualities, which do not exist in the objects, but are created in the brain, so that they have only a psychological or mental existence, such as luminosity, color, sound, smell, taste, texture, and temperature.

A red apple then does not have a real color or taste. The apple only has the power to produce the sense experience that we call red as a result of the electromagnetic waves that are reflected from its surface, and the power to produce the experience of taste as a result of the chemical reaction of the taste receptors to the apple. The red color that we see in the apple does not mean that the apple is red, or that red light waves are reflected, or that any light is reflected. Neither luminosity nor pigments can travel in space with electromagnetic waves, so that light waves have no color and no real light.

The color that we see in an object depends on the type of photoreceptor cells that we have. We see colors as a result of chemical reactions produced by three different types of color photoreceptors, which are the cones. Each type is sensitive to a different range of wavelengths. One type absorbs wavelengths in the blue region, another in the green, and the third one in the red. The range of all the wavelengths to which the eye responds is called the visible spectrum. The nerve impulses created by all the photoreceptor cells are combined to produce all the different colors. A rod is another type of cell, which enables the eyes to see in dim light. The cones produce color and the rods produce shades of gray. The images created by the rods are very similar to a black and white television picture, but humans do not have enough rods to produce a clear image at night.

The cones stop processing light waves in dim light, which is when the rods take over. So that we are color blind at night if there is no artificial illumination. Any reduction in the amount of light diminishes the strength of a color. All the colors are light, except that each color has a different wavelength.

The color of an object also depends on the frequency of the light waves that reach its surface. A red apple looks red under white light because it reflects the frequency that causes the eyes to see red and absorbs all the other frequencies. The same red apple will look dark under green light because it will absorb the frequency that causes the eyes to see green.

If we send all the frequencies of the visible spectrum in equal amounts towards a white screen, white light will be reflected. So that white light that falls over a white object reflects white light. If we shed green light over a white screen it will reflect green. Red light over a white screen will reflect red. Blue light will reflect blue, and so on. If we send two beams of different colors over the white screen, a third color is produced from that combination and then reflected. Red and green will produce yellow. Red and blue will create magenta. Any other combination will result in the reflection of other colors, but none of the colors produced will be the same as the color of the light source. The different color reflections from the same object shows that a color does not have a fixed reality, since there are no color substances in nature.

Colors are also determined by the sensations created in the brain. So that the color of an object depends on the complexity and type of sensory system of each species. Light waves have no color. A color is sensed as a consequence of the energy that is absorbed from the electromagnetic waves by the pigments in the photoreceptor cells. When we see the red apple, it is not because red light is being reflected. The reason that the apple looks red is because the photoreceptor cells absorb the wavelengths that serve to create the specific nerve impulses, which cause the brain to produce a sensation of red.

Colors therefore depend on the size of the wavelengths that fall upon a surface, and on the size of the wavelengths that are reflected and absorbed by such surface. Colors also depend on the nature of the photoreceptor cells ant the type of brain. A person who is color-blind will perceive red and green different than most people, or will not distinguish between one and the other because his receptors for red and green are deficient. There are some cases of total color-blindness in which a person will perceive the world in shades of gray. So that no color can exist without the color receptors.

There is a wide range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. But we do not regard all of them as light, even when their characteristics are very much the same. The reason for this is that our sense of vision only requires a certain range of frequencies in order to create the images that we see. The frequencies beyond the range of perception are called invisible light, such as cosmic rays, gamma rays, X rays, and radio waves. The frequencies immediately below the ones to which our eyes respond are called infrared light, while the ones above are called ultraviolet light. They are both invisible to the human eyes.

There is no real brightness in a light wave. A bee can see ultraviolet light, which appears dark to the human eye. Rattlesnakes can sense infrared light, but humans are blind to both of them. If ultraviolet radiation appears dark to one species and bright for another, then reality is perceived in different ways, depending on the characteristics of the sensory system of each species. It is evident then that the nature of reality is independent from sensory perception. The way that we see the world does not provide the proof of its true characteristics. You cannot determine the nature of reality with perception alone. Ultraviolet radiation cannot be simultaneously dark and bright. Darkness and brightness are only the way in which the brain interprets the presence or absence of the type of electromagnetic waves, which serve to stimulate the photoreceptor cells. If there are no receptor cells in the eyes to process ultraviolet color, the brain perceives black from ultraviolet radiation. If there are no receptor cells for red, or infrared color, the brain perceives black from red, or from infrared radiation. So that we cannot see the infrared and the bees cannot see the red.

The nature of light waves is invisible and dark. We only sense light waves by reflection after they interact with an object. All the objects are dark, the same as light waves. If all objects are dark and light waves make them visible, it is the interaction of invisible light waves with dark objects, which causes the eyes to see. Outer space is dark. We never see the sunlight in space. The only way that we perceive light is when there is an object in space, such as the moon.

You can do an experiment to prove that light is invisible and dark. Sit in a dark room and leave only a tiny hole for the sunlight to enter. Spread some dust, smoke, or vapor. You will notice a thin line of light between the hole and the floor. What you see is not light. You only see the interaction of electromagnetic energy with matter. Vision is produced when our eyes detect the electromagnetic waves, which strike the particles in the air, or the surface of the floor. The reason that outer space is dark is because it cannot reflect light waves. A light source, such as a light bulb, contains matter and energy, which interact with one another.

Light is created in the brain. A color has no physical reality. So that the brain can produce light even in the darkness. If an optic nerve is stimulated with a small electrical current, it will create nerve impulses, which the brain interprets as light. This is evidence that light waves are not the carriers of light. Animals can see light because they have a brain that is capable of creating nonphysical reality, the same as humans.

You can prove that light is created in the brain with an experiment. Sit in a dark room again, close your eyes, and turn your eyeballs to the left. Press lightly on the right side of your right eye with the tip of your finger. Repeat this several times. You will see slight flashes of light in the opposite direction. Light can be produced in the brain without the stimulation from light waves, because they have no real light. Pressing the eye with the tip of the finger stimulates the photoreceptor cells, which react by producing nerve impulses. The brain creates light from all the nerve impulses entering through the optic nerves, regardless of the way in which they are produced.

Light is created by the sense of vision, but there is no physical light in the visual cortex or in the outer world. So that light cannot exist without the sense of vision. We judge the nature of reality on the basis of a sensory system that fails to produce an exact correspondence between the objects of the outer world and our perception. When we feel the taste of an apple, or see the light from the sun, we do not perceive their true nature; we perceive what our mind creates. There is no taste in physical matter and no light in the world.

Not all the species perceive the same things. Many animals are sensitive to different ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. Many animals also react to different ranges of sounds, smells, and tastes. So that the taste of an apple is different for a human, a dog, or an elephant, depending on the type and number of taste receptor cells that they have. However, a single identical apple cannot have more that one taste. There are no multiple simultaneous realities, only different ways to perceive the same reality. The different taste exists only for each different sensory system. So that the taste that we feel in an object has no physical existence.

Dogs can smell odors that are imperceptible to human beings, but an odor cannot be real and also be simultaneously unreal. There is only one fundamental reality. The nature of the world cannot be changed by sensory perception. The brain creates light, sound smell, and taste, but they are perceived as if they had a physical existence in the outer world. So that it is possible to perceive a physical existence, which does not exist in reality, but only appears to exist. An amputee may feel pain in a limb that does not longer exist. His brain projects the pain into the empty space where his limb used to be. But phantom limbs cannot exist. Pain cannot be felt in a leg that is missing. The real source of the pain sensations is an area of the brain. The reason that pain can be felt in a missing leg is because it has no physical reality. Pain is created in the mind, but it is perceived as if it really had a physical existence in the human body.

The appearance of the world is determined by the senses of the observer. Bees can perceive light in a different range of the spectrum. They can see ultraviolet light but they cannot see red. Human beings can see red but they cannot see the ultraviolet light. Read appears black to the bees and ultraviolet appears black for human beings. So that the visible spectrum is not the same for every species.

An animal that perceives light in a different range of the spectrum does not perceive the colors that we see in the same hues. A poppy flower radiates ultraviolet and red light, but we are color-blind to ultraviolet, so that the flower looks red to us, but it looks ultraviolet to the bee, since the bee can see the ultraviolet color. When we see a red alpine rose, the bee sees a blue alpine rose. When we look at a white daisy, the bee sees a bluish-green daisy. Both appearances are true to the senses of the observers, but they are not a part of the external world.

Many animals see the world in shades of gray with only faint traces of color, such as rabbits, dogs, and cats. Owls do not have cones for color vision, but have plenty of rods to see images in black and white. The cones work only in bright light and the rods work better in dim light. So that owls can barely see during the day, but have an excellent night vision. Infrared light cannot be seen with the eyes by any animal, but rattlesnakes can detect infrared radiation, which is the same as heat, by the use of a special organ that contains a large number of heat receptor cells. Since every object and animal emits infrared light in a certain amount, rattlesnakes can detect the temperature difference between objects and animals and are able to locate their prey in absolute darkness. They know the approximate distance, shape, and size of anything in the nearby surroundings. Rattlesnakes use their normal vision during the day.

The evolution of the eyes was a reaction to the conditions of the environment. The type of electromagnetic waves most abundantly radiated by the sun are in the range of 400 to 700 nanometer wavelengths, which is approximately the range that we perceive. Our eyes evolved as a reaction to the most abundant type of light in the environment. If the most abundant type of light in the environment had been in a different range, our eyes would be sensitive to another range of the spectrum, and blind to some, or all of the light that we can see now.

The human brain creates images from trillions of tiny bursts of electricity, which are produced as the nerve impulses arrive at the visual cortex, but the images that we see are not a direct reflection from the outer world. Our brain has no contact with the true nature of reality. The light that is reflected from an object has no brightness or color. Electromagnetic radiation does not contain pigments of dyes. There are no colors in the pigments either. A pigment only serves to reflect or absorb certain wavelengths, which is the same thing that the pigments in the photoreceptor cells do. There are no colors in electric or magnetic fields, electrochemical reactions, nerve impulses, or particles of matter.

The light from the sun contains all the range of frequencies from the visible spectrum. Our brain evolved to produce white light from sunlight. It is assumed that the brain of every other animal evolved in the same way. So that if animals can perceive colors, then a mixture of all the frequencies, such as sunlight, will produce a sensation of white in their brain. But the sensation of white that the brain produces from sunlight evolved by chance. If the brain had evolved to produce green, blue, or red from sunlight, white would be regarded as a color even if it still were perceived as white, or perhaps white would not exist in the color spectrum that the brain creates to represent the different ranges of electromagnetic frequencies that help our eyes to see.

Suppose that the brain had evolved to produce a sensation of green from sunlight, and then green would contain all the range of frequencies in the visible spectrum. But if the brain had evolved to produced a sensation of red from sunlight, and then red would contain all the range of frequencies in the visible spectrum. There is no law in the universe, which says that the brain of every living being has to create the same type of color sensation from each particular light frequency, or from each combination of frequencies. Colors are a random creation of the brain. Our brain evolved to create only a few from an infinite number of possible colors. The order, in which we see the colors in the visible spectrum, with blue in one end, and red in the other, is also a random creation of the brain.

There is a relationship between the objects in the outer world and the images created in the brain. Each color represents a different level of electromagnetic energy in the visible spectrum. The brain creates images of color to represent light waves, but each color could be another, blue did not have to be blue, nor red had to be red. The brain evolved to create red from the perception of longer wavelengths, and blue from the perception of higher frequencies. The reason that the brain perceives the same color from the same wavelength is an accident of nature. Every living organism is the product of an accidental evolution, but evolution is cumulative, increasing in complexity in every stage, but conserving the vital characteristics for survival that were acquired in previous stages, such as vision, hearing, breath, and the perception of things, which is the same way that the nature of the colors that we see became an inherent part of normal perception.

Every cause and effect is an accident of nature. There is no conscious purpose in the random motion of the universe. There was no plan in nature to create human beings. We evolved as a consequence of the inherent characteristics of the universe, and the universe evolved as the result of a natural cause. The way in which everything evolved is only one among an infinite number of possibilities. Life evolved as a consequence of an infinite number of accidental physical processes without any divine intervention.

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