Light years ahead of our present level of science the Authors, Brad Guth and Henry Kroll plotted our sun’s course from Orion to Hercules to discover that we are in a 105,000-year elliptical orbit around a white dwarf star. At our closest point of one-tenth light year this star doubles the incoming invisible, ultraviolet light striking Earth creating the many layers of coal, oil and limestone laid down between ice ages. These are carbon-based, resources taken out of our atmosphere by plant growth using an invisible ultraviolet light from space. The same process that made the gypsum sheet rock on the wall of your house also made the oxygen you are currently breathing. You can’t drive a car without a neutron star!
Ice ages can come in as little as ten years and last
up to 90,000 years where most arable land is covered with mile-high sheets of
ice. People can’t grow food and have to move south or starve to death and
freeze. We have approximately ten-thousand, years between ages to develop
technology to get off the planet to live in space, colonize other worlds, leave
a record of our existence and we are screwing it up again. It is crucial for
humanity to do this for the future. Once we become conscious of these facts
then we can eliminate religious wars, and corporate monopolies that lock up
resources for world domination and dictatorships. Most of the world’s
population currently lives in a religious manifestation of reality and must be
enlightened in order to inherit the stars. This book answers the questions, why
are we here and where we are going? Fear comes from not understanding and
understanding conquerors fear.
e-BOOK
Maverick Publishing
YOU CAN’T DRIVE A CAR WITHOUT A NEUTRON STAR. SIRIUS B OIL AND
COAL DEPOSITION IS SCIENTIFIC PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF GOD!
THE SCIENCE HERETICS STRIKE AGAIN.
By
HENRY
KROLL & BRAD GUTH
BOOK 1
EINSTEIN
WOULD TURN OVER IN HIS
GRAVE TO READ THIS BOOK!
e-Book 2006
www.mittymax.com
Copyright 2006
About The Authors
Henry Kroll is an Inventor, Publisher, Musician, Lecturer, Adventurer, Aviator, Miner, Commercial Fisherman, Entrepreneur and outstanding Writer. This excellent example of the author's style coupled with his comprehensive research has produced a volume that will alter the timelines of science forever. It challenges our perceptions and answers the many questions of how we got here and where we are going. This book explains why the Catholic Church invented the Big Bang theory. Many of you are familiar with Philosopher’s Stone about the conscious enlightenment of the human specie through the use of m-state ORME gold.
BRAD GUTH is one of the smartest men on
the planet--so smart that ordinary mortals can’t carry on a conversation with
him. Anything you say will sound like childish gibberish to him. When he says
something you, you will have to think about it a week or two before you
understand a small part of it.
Brad can banter about velocity, gravity, mass, and speed
calculations like child’s play. Most of Brad’s ideas are so radical and yet
outrageously true that nobody can refute them. Together we may have
revolutionized every field of science. The best way to classify us would be to
call us science heretics. In order to become conscious humankind needs to know
who they are genetically, where they are going and where they come from. This
book explains and outlines a plan for taking control of our destiny.
Some will say they are thinking outside of
the box, however, when your thinking works with nature it is those who work
against nature that are outside the box. This book came about through a logical
progression of understanding.
HENRY KROLL
GLOBAL WARMING
By
HENRY KROLL BRAD GUTH
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Copyright 2006
Maverick Publishing
HOUSTON, TEXAS
Demographic studies show forty
percent of men don’t read books and those that do read, mostly read fiction.
According to a Penguin Books © survey, women are more attracted to men who read
books. Hey guys! Reading a book could improve your sex life!
HENRY KROLL
INTRODUCTION
To understand this book one needs to realize that we
are exist in the Orion arm of the Galaxy and that our sun was born in a dust
cloud along with the Big Dipper stars known as Ursa Major. These stars have
identical spectrums to our sun and are known as the seven sisters. We were much
closer to the constellation Orion at that time. Orion is now 1500 light years
distant. As our sun drifted out away from its birthplace it got captured by
another group of stars which warmed earth fourteen degrees while our brother
and sister stars kept going away from the center of the Galaxy and are now 75
light years ahead of us. Our captivity by the Sirius and Procyon systems lasted
several-hundred-million-years. During this time the ultraviolet light from
Sirius B helped to create the many layers of coal, oil and limestone on earth
by moping up carbon dioxide. Our sun is the wrong spectrum to have done this.
This book is a logical progression of understanding. You can’t drive a car
without a neutron star!
What started this amazing book was a rather mundane graph
which showed the carbon dioxide content of earth’s atmosphere dropping to near
zero at regular intervals every 105,000 years. Scientists can determine the
carbon dioxide content of our atmosphere dating back about a million years by
drilling down into old Antarctic ice. Whenever something happens at regular
intervals it means it is tied into some kind of giant orbiting clockwork. The
only thing that can mop up Co2 is plant growth and the only thing that can
increase plant growth is an increase in ultraviolet light from space. There
also has to be some global warming for this to occur because plants won’t grow
when glacier ice covers most of the Earth.
After talking to Brad Guth about the various distances
between star systems and the masses and orbital speeds of most of the stars in
our local group we came to the conclusion that something outside our solar
system had to be taking us out of the ice ages and causing the many layers of
carbon-based, resources such as coal, oil and limestone.
While reading on the subject I suddenly realized that
astronomy is really quite basic--based for the most part on observed data most
of which cannot be confirmed and it is constantly being revised. The frequency
range of human eyesight is quite limited to a rather narrow band thus
preventing us from seeing into the infrared and ultraviolet frequencies. In
other words scientists don’t see half of what is out there and most of them
seem to ignore this fact.
One of the biggest revelations for
me was discovering that we are part of a star cluster or local group of about
30 stars called a cluster that influence each other and are orbiting around
each other. At present we are traveling through the Milky Way at right angels
to it about 14 to 30 kilometers per second and 19.5 kilometers per second
toward the constellation Hercules. I plotted our course from Hercules to
discover that we are leaving Orion. Then I discovered two references to a
titanic explosion that occurred in Orion three million years ago.
Another discovery that was quite
shocking to me was the fact that only15% of stars are single. The vast majority
of star systems are binary or multiple star systems (three or more stars
revolving around each other) and our sun is currently part of the Sirius system
while in ancient times we were part of the seven sisters (Ursa Major). The
reason nobody noticed it before is due to the fact that our orbit period is so
slow—105,000 years. Some of the stars have orbit periods of millions of years
while other may be only a few thousand years. Sirius A and B orbit every 54
years and our solar system by our calculation orbits near it or around it every
105,000 years. We are part of the Sirius and Procyon systems. I say this
because Sirius gravity is 14 times that of our sun and Procyon’s gravity is
eight times that of our sun so there is twenty times more gravity in the area
we are leaving at 7.5 kilometers per second. We are slowing down. This means
that we have to be in orbit around them.
I took this data to the astronomy
department of the local community college and talked to Andy Vey, Professor of
Physics and Astronomy. At first he didn’t want to believe me but after I gave
him the data he scribbled out a few formulas and agreed with our 105,000 year
orbit period and the extreme 100 to 1 ellipse. Professor Vey said he would work
on it some more and formalize the math the way astronomers do it. We did it
using proportions. [Please note that the actual gravity if the Sirius system
which is 3.5 times our solar mass is only seven times that of our sun but when
you are traveling toward the center of the galaxy you have to add the gravity
that is holding the Sirius system in place.]
Existing data varies greatly because astronomers do
not use a common reference point in space. Off hand, you would think they all
would use our sun as a reference point but most of them don’t. Instead, most of
them use the Sirius binary star system and I have a good idea why this is so. I
believe it is because they know we are orbiting around it and moving around
more than Sirius. If you use a central point of reference that is moving then
you would have to revise all your calculations every few years. You won’t find
anything about this in the mainstream literature.
New ideas are frequently discarded
by lazy people because it is easier than using your brain and safer when you
don’t have to stick your neck out. I was talking with the cameraman of one of
the local TV stations when the station engineer broke into our conversation to
say: “There is no way galaxies could affect us here on Earth. They are too far
away.” First of all, I said, “I am not talking about galaxies. I am talking
about the stars in our local group. He turned on his heal and exited the room
because he didn’t want to hear any more about it. Evidently he was from the old
school of thought, “Don’t confuse me with the facts--my mind is made up.” This
is a prime example of what our educational system has done to our minds. People
have been so programmed to believe that what the schools teach is the gospel
truth that when real truth is put before them they cannot accept it. People
don’t like to have their paradigms shattered.
If given the chance, I would have told him that stars
do affect life here on Earth; especially when one explodes and kills off 90% of
all life on this planet which has happened many times in the past. When you
tune any television set between stations, 40% of the snow and noise that you
hear comes from the collective cry of billions of stars and black holes plus
the ten-thousand or so black holes in our own galaxy. All these things add to
the background radiation of space. Keep in mind that your TV signal is being
received in a very narrow frequency band. If you could listen in a broader
spectrum the sound would be deafening. There is enough background radiation in
space to warm it a five or six degrees. If we didn’t have this radiation the
Earth would be five degrees cooler. Tell me again that the cosmos doesn’t
affect us!
As I write this January 8th 2005 our Earth
is at perihelion 91,402,000 million miles, the closest it gets to the sun all
year. Before writing this book I assumed that our orbit around the sun was
circular and remained constant at 93-million, miles. The maximum distance we
travel from the sun is 94,509,000 miles. Apparently we are in an elliptical
orbit that varies 3,107,000-miles which is plus or minus 3 percent. This would
account for slight increases and decreases in temperature. A one or two degree
temperature difference can make the difference between rain and snow which
would determine rather or not glaciers would grow or shrink.
Every 250 million years a great pulse comes out of the
center of our galaxy wiping out most of the life on this planet. Tell me again
that far off objects in space don’t affect us! Whenever a super-giant star goes
supernova it can destroy 2/3 of a galaxy. Betelgeuse, a super giant only about
1,500 light years distant in the constellation Orion could explode at any
moment destroying Earth and most of the galaxy along with it.
Our knowledge of the cosmos is increasing
exponentially due to the fact that technology, computers and sensing equipment
is improving. The European Space Consortium is planning to build the world’s
largest telescope. The project is known as OWL—for Overwhelmingly Large
telescope. It will have a 328-foot mirror and may be operational by 2021.
Planners hope that OWL will offer image resolution comparable to that now
obtained by space probes.
We have computed the effects on earth of Sirius B, a
white dwarf star in our local group and we know that it puts out 100 times more
light than our sun in the ultraviolet spectrum. We calculate that we come to
within a tenth of a light year of this system every 110,000 years. When you
halve the distance between Earth and a star the light is increased by a factor
of four. Our Earth is located 93 million miles from our sun (+ or - 2%). If we
were to move Earth out to 200 million miles the light reaching us would be less
than ¼ as much as it is now.
Pluto orbits a maximum distance from the sun of 4,580
million miles (roughly half a billion miles). Sirius B orbits Sirius A at about
twenty earth distances which is about two billion miles. Earth orbits out sun
at 93 million miles+ or – 9%. A tenth of a light year is 586 billion miles. We
believe that this is the closest point of our stellar orbit comes to the Sirius
system. If Sirius A is two times as large as our sun then it would put out four
times more energy in the infrared spectrum our sun. Even though it is quite a
long distance from Earth it would still tend to warm us a few degrees. It also
puts out four times as much UV light as our sun which would increase plant
growth on Earth. When you add the energy from Sirius B that puts out 100 times
more UV light than our sun then the amount of incoming UV light reaching Earth
is more than doubled. This is what takes us out of the ice ages and mops up the
Co2 making the layers of coal, oil, and limestone. During ice ages none of
these things are being grown because a good part of the globe is cold and
covered with ice!
One billion years ago the atmospheric pressure of the
earth was over 100 pounds per square inch and was mostly carbon dioxide. During
the reign of the dinosaurs it was about 30 pounds per square inch. Recently
scientists took plaster casts of dinosaur lungs and found that they could not
live in today’s atmosphere because their lungs were too small. In ancient times
the atmospheric pressure could have been over 100 pounds per square inch, much
like Venus is today. Venus has a Co2 atmosphere of 117 pounds per square inch.
It was the diatoms, algae and other sea creatures in the ocean created the vast
oil deposits around the world from our ancient Co2 atmosphere.
The Internet says that oil is made by diatoms in
shallow seas. After talking to a geologist currently employed by the State of
Alaska I suddenly realized that the neutron star Sirius B may have created some
of the world’s oil using photosynthesis and diatoms sometime prior to the ice
age cycle when we were in a more stable circular orbit around these stars.
Not only has Sirius B mopped up most of the carbon
(Co2) about 58 times (I base the 58 ice age figure on the number of layers of
coal near Homer, Alaska) in the past turning it into billions of metric tons of
limestone up to 3,500 feet thick, it also laid down hydrogen and carbon to
produce oil. Oil is a hydrocarbon made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. You
can’t make oil without the basic building block, atoms of carbon. The carbon
has to come from some place and the only place we know where it is plentiful or
was plentiful in the past and that was in Earth’s atmosphere. Everything on
Earth was deposited in layers. This alone should tell you that it has something
to do with warming periods between ice ages. Not much happens during the ice
ages.
I know that oil deposits are associated with ancient
sea floors composed of limestone and shale. I know this because I have seen
crude oil attached to limestone from oil strata. Limestone was made by marine
organisms using photosynthesis powered by ultraviolet light. This crude oil
generally has a paraffin base. The “Ring of Fire” volcanoes which are so
prominent in the subduction zones release carbon dioxide when limestone is
subducted and melted. I believe that some asphalt base crude is manufactured in
this way when limestone, shale, and tar sands are heated by the mantel.
Such an event happening by chance where a planet inhabited by semi-intelligent beings (us) just happens to come in close proximity to an orbiting neutron star that nurtures life without destroying it, seems impossible. How can a planet with lots of water and the right elements to harbor life be placed exactly the right distance from a sun with the right spectrum to nurture life and then have a neutron star that is part of a binary system of 3.5 solar masses take us out of the ice ages by warming earth 5 or 6 degrees every 105,000 years? How can all this be possible? How far would you have to travel through space to find a similar scenario? Who planned this anyway? Who is doing this?
Biological life needs oxygen. It appears we are being terra-formed by using microorganisms that lock up carbon and produce oxygen. If the Sirius system were to come just a little bit closer to us it would wipe out all life on this planet. In addition to oil and limestone, the invisible light from space lays down coal deposits on land. The chances of this happening by accident are so mind-boggeling that it cannot be true. Such a thing has to be planned by someone a whole lot smarter than us. He or she has the capability to rearrange stars. The implication of this discovery is stupendous.
We are proud to be part of the most
astounding discoveries of the century, that, a neutron star makes it possible
for animal life on earth to exist by causing massive plant growth in the
world’s oceans. It is the diatom growth and coccolithophor that lock up the
carbon and turn it into limestone and oil thereby releasing oxygen for us to
breathe. Earth would be a ball of carbon if this didn’t happen and there would
be no oxygen. The same star responsible for laying down deposits of limestone
and oil makes layers of coal on land for us to heat our houses. Each time we leave
the Sirius binary star system the mile-thick sheets of ice come back and crush
the plant growth on land down into veins of coal. Once you know how precious
these natural resources are then you can see how criminal it is for us to burn
up most carbon resources in only two centuries—especially when you consider
that it was done to make a few rich people richer and make it more difficult
for your grandchildren to survive on this planet.
As we burn all this stored “stellar” carbon energy from a 58 orbits of
this star system in a little over two hundred years and release it into our
atmosphere it is bound to alter the ecosystem. The release of carbon dioxide,
monoxide, toxic chemicals and heat is keeping us out of the next ice age.
Keeping us out of the ice age is a good thing but poisoning the planet is not.
We are currently in uncharted territory here. Nobody knows what will
happen. We could be throwing a large monkey wrench into our ecosystem.
Global warming is good and ice ages are bad because they kill off most
of the plant and animal life on the planet. During the ice ages people have to
move south or starve to death. Some will even resort to killing others for food
in order to survive. Advanced civilizations in the past have had to survive ice
ages.
Count your blessings because ancient sea creatures that fed off the
invisible, ultraviolet light from Sirius B made at least 50% of the oxygen you
are currently breathing at this very moment.
All the people lined up at the gas pumps are oblivious to the fact as
to where this energy comes from. Maybe we should let them know the truth so
they won’t be taking the luxury of carbon based fuels for granted. If you tell
them that their next breath was created by a passing neutron star and that the
same star created the oil that enables them to drive their car they will think
you’re crazy.
You won’t see anything about this in the mainstream media because the
government is controlling it. Open any magazine today and you will see
government sponsored ads such as adds for the Army, Navy and Marines. The
magazine doesn’t want to loose these accounts so they won’t print anything that
is out of the mainstream or contrary to the religion of “Special Relativity.”
Brad and I are seeking reality not special relativity and we don’t mold
our findings to conform to the status-quo freaks. We understand how people can
feel comfortable with the religion of Status Quo Quantum Physics and Special
Relativity because it makes everything fit together into neat little packages
but it has nothing to do with reality. Every time science comes up with a
constant nature proves them wrong. Constants make Scientists “feel” good
because they “believe” they “feel” they can rely on them.
I thought I was finally finished writing this book when we discovered
how the moon was put in orbit. It will blow your mind to the point where you
will never be the same afterwards.
What is needed now is a smidgeon of linguistic legerdemain and a degree
of intrepidly to get the point across. We have to work together to get this out
because the government will try to suppress it and locked it up forever. Tell
your friends about this book and buy extra copies to sell and give away.
CHAPTER ONE
SHOULD
WE BE CONCERNED WITH ICE AGES?
The latest mainstream data I have is
that there have been as many as six to nine different ice ages. Some lasted
90,000 years with a ten to twelve-thousand-year warming period in between and
some lasted up to 300,000 years.Some of the earlier ones lasted only 50,000 years.
During the long ice ages ice sheets covered from 28 percent to 2/3 of the
earth’s surface. At present the ice covers only 10 percent of the earth. Each
time the ice sheets advance all the animals and whatever intelligent life forms
or civilizations there were at the time had to move south and compete for food
and arable land to grow crops. Some extremely advanced civilizations could have
moved underground as evidenced by American Indian legends. Others could have
gone into space.
With all the data we were able to
find concerning Earth’s past climatic conditions plus the Co2 and stellar data
we were able to comprehend what caused the ice age cycle. We are convinced that
the supernova explosion in Orion moved all the stars in the area outward toward
Hecules and knocked out solar system into an elliptical orbit away from the
group of stars that helped keep it warm in the past. Our extreme 100 to 1
elliptical orbit around this group of stars put us into the ice age cycle
lasting 105,000 years.
New evidence
suggests that ice ages can come on in as little time as ten to twenty years
affecting your lifestyle sooner than you think. All it takes is a few
degrees cooler weather and a very heavy snowfall—twenty to fifty feet or
thereabouts so that it doesn’t thaw during the summer months. One year of this
and you will be forced to tunnel up out of the snow and move south. In ten
years a sheet of ice hundreds of feet thick will have formed. People will be
forced to leave the area long before that happens.
Scientists examining ice cores taken in Antarctica and
Greenland are able to determine that the last two ice ages came on in less than
twenty years.
A large volcanic eruption can cause a mini-ice age by
throwing up dust in the upper atmosphere thereby blocking sunlight from
reaching earth. An atomic war might possibly accelerate us into the next ice
age. A large meteor striking earth could possibly throw up enough dust to block
sunlight for a few hundred years thereby cooling the Earth’s surface. Before
long large portions of the northern and southern hemispheres become covered in
ice. People will be forced to move south seeking arable land. Wars will break
out over territory and there will be massive starvation. Cannibalism may rear
its ugly head. This process had occurred many times in the past.
Years ago I read an article in Scientific American where the ice sheets covered the Earth as far south as the Hawaiian Islands. There is evidence of glaciations such as cirks and drumlins where ice ground out circular depressions on several of the Hawaiian Islands.
There is nothing in the solar record to suggest that
our sun burns more or less brightly at different geological times. There is no
data linking the sun’s output with the cycles of the ice ages. It could
however, burn more brightly if another star system were to come closer to earth
or eclipse with another star behind it thus magnifying the gravitational forces
affecting the output of the sun. I don’t discount this possibility. When the
Kuppier belts of two stars interact it would throw chunks of material into both
stars thereby making them burn brighter and warming any nearby planets.
A recent article in the July 2004 issue of Scientific
American titled, When Methane Made Climate does refer to the sun burning less
brightly but it was a long time ago. “---When Earth formed some 4.6 billion
years ago, the sun burned only 70 percent as brightly as it does today.”
See “How Climate Evolved on the Terrestrial Planets.” By James F. Kasting, Owen B. Toon and James B. Pollack: Scientific American, February 1988.
Yet the geological record contains no convincing
evidence for widespread glaciations until about 2.3 billion years ago, which
means that the planet was probably even warmer than during the modern cycle of
ice ages of the past million years. Thus, not only did greenhouse gases have to
make up for a fainter sun, they also had to maintain average temperatures
considerably higher than today’s.”
“Methane was far from scientists’ first choice as an
explanation of how the young earth avoided a deep freeze. Because ammonia is a
much stronger greenhouse gas than methane, Carl Sagan and George H. Mullen of
Cornell University suggested in the early 1970’s that it was the culprit. But
later research showed that the sun’s ultraviolet rays rapidly destroyed ammonia
in an oxygen-free atmosphere. So this explanation did not work.”
Another obvious candidate was carbon dioxide (CO2),
the primary gas spewing from volcanoes was abundant at that time. Although they
debated the details, most scientists assumed for more than 20 years that this
gas played the dominant role. In 1995, however, Harvard University researchers’
uncovered evidence that convinced many people that Co2 levels were too low to
have kept early Earth warm.”
“The Harvard team, led by Rob Rye, knew from previous
studies that if the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 had exceeded about eight
times the present-day value of around 380 parts per million (ppm), the mineral
siderite (FeCO3) would have formed in the top layers of the soil. As iron
reacted with CO2 in the oxygen-free air it produces siderite. But when the
investigators studied samples of ancient soils from between 2.8 billion and 2.2
billion years ago, they found no trace of siderite. Its absence implied that
the CO2 concentration must have been far less than would have been needed to
keep the planet’s surface from freezing.”
Authors note*, the above is old data dealing with the early earth. The ice age cycle did not start until much later. What they don’t seem to realize that the atmospheric pressure in ancient times was close to 100 pounds per square inch like Venus is today. An atmospheric pressure of around 100 pounds per square inch would have kept ancient Earth warm. If the Big Bang theory has any validity at all; where space and stars are traveling away from each other then at one time we were closer to other stars or groups of stars.
At the present time Venus has mostly a carbon dioxide atmospheric pressure of 117 pounds per square inch on its surface while Earth’s atmospheric pressure at the present time is only 14.696 pounds per square inch at sea level.
The following is a breakdown of our atmosphere:
Nitrogen 78.084 %
Oxygen 20.947 %
Argon .0934 %
Carbon Dioxide .033 %
Neon 18.2 parts per million
Helium 5.2 parts per million
Krypton 1.1 parts per million
Sulfur dioxide1.0 parts per million
Nethane 2.0 parts per million
Hydrogen .5 parts per million
Nitrous oxide .5 parts per million
Xenon .5 parts per million
Ozone .0 to .07 parts per million
Nitrogen dioxide .02 parts per million
Iodine .01 parts per million
Carbon Monoxide .0 to trace
Ammonia .0 to trace
At the present
time carbon dioxide makes up a very small percentage of our atmosphere--only a
third of one percent. If there were more Co2 then your garden would grow
better. We had to have had much more Co2 in our atmosphere in ancient times in
order to have as much coal, oil and limestone as we do.
ANCIENT GLOBAL ICE AGES LASTED UP TO A BILLION YEARS AND COMPLETELY COVERED THE PLANET
“Methane-induced smog kept the young
Earth comfortably warm—but not forever. Global ice ages occurred at least three
times in the period known as the Proterozoic eon, first at 2.3 billion years
ago and again at 750 million and 600 million years ago. The circumstances
surrounding these glaciations were long unexplained, but the methane hypothesis
provides compelling answers here as well.
“The first of these glacial periods is often called
the Huronian Glaciation because it is well exposed in rocks just north of Lake
Huron in Southern Canada. Like the better-studied late Proterozoic Glacation,
the Huronian event appears to have been global, based on interpretations that
some of the continents were neat the equator at the time ice covered them.”
“This cold snap formed layers of jumbled rocks and
other materials that were dropped to the ground when the ice melted sometime
between 2.45 billion and 2.2 billion years ago. In the older rocks below these
glacial deposits are detrial uraninite and pyrite, two minerals considered
evidence for very low levels of atmospheric oxygen. Above the glacial layers
sits a red sandstone contaminant hematite—a mineral that forms only under
oxygen-rich skies. (Hematite has also been found at the landing site of the
Mars rover Opportunity. This hematite is gray, however because the grain size
is larger.)
The layering of these distinct rock types indicates
that the Huronian glaciations occurred precisely when atmospheric oxygen levels
first rose.
“This apparent coincidence remained unexplained until
recently: if we hypothesize that methane (and carbon dioxide) kept the ancient
climate warm, then we can predict a global ice age at 2.3 billion years ago
because it would have been a natural consequence of the rise of oxygen. Many of
the methanogens and other anaerobic organisms the dominated the planet before
the rise of oxygen would have either perished in this revolution or found
themselves confined to increasingly restricted habitats.”
Although this sounds as if it is the end of the
methane story, that is not necessarily the case. Methane never again exerted a
dominating effect on climate but it could still have been an important
influence at later times. During the late Proterozoic, for example, when some
scientists suggest that the oceans froze over entirely during a series of
so-called snowball Earth episodes [see Snowball Earth,” by Paul F. Hoffman and
Daniel P. Schrag; Scientific American, January 2000].
“Indeed, methane concentrations could have remained significantly higher than today’s during much of the Proterozoic eon, which ended about 600 million years ago, if atmospheric oxygen had continued to be somewhat lower and the deep oceans were still anoxic and low in sulfate, a dissolved salt common in modern sea-water. The rate at which methane escaped from the seas to the atmosphere could still have been up to 10 times as high as it is now, and the concentration of methane in the atmosphere could have been as high as 100 ppm. This scenario might explain why Proterozoic remained ice-free for almost a billion and a half years despite the fact that the sun was still relatively dim. My colleagues and I have speculated that a second rise in atmospheric oxygen, or in dissolved sulfate, could conceivably have triggered the snowball Earth episodes as well—once again by decreasing the warming presence of methane.”
EXTRATERRESTRIAL METHANE
“As compelling as this story of
methanogens once ruling the world may sound, scientists are forced to be
content with no direct evidence to back it up. Finding a rock that contains
bubbles of ancient atmosphere would provide absolute proof, but such a
revelation is unlikely. The best we can say is that the hypothesis is
consistent with several indirect pieces of evidence—most notably, the low
atmospheric CO2 levels inferred from ancient soils and the timing of the first
planet-encompassing ice age---.”
Duhh! Isn’t it obvious where the Co2 went? During the
warming period the light from Sirius B laid it down as limestone and
diatometious earth.
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